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The structure of perovskite solar cells is illustrated in the figure below. Its core is a light-absorbing material composed of organometal halides with a perovskite crystal structure (ABX₃) (unit cell structure shown in the attached figure). In this perovskite ABX₃ structure, A is the methylammonium group (CH₃NH₃⁺), B is a metal lead atom, and X is a halogen atom such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The manufacturing process of perovskite solar cells involves multiple precise steps, with laser technology playing a critical role in enhancing efficiency and stability. The key steps include: Substrate Preparation: Cleaning and pre-treating the substrate (e.g., glass or flexible polymers) to ensure optimal adhesion and conductivity. Electrode Deposition: Depositing transparent conductive oxides (e.g., ITO or FTO) as bottom electrodes.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 26.95% under standard test conditions (STC). The current research focus has shifted from efficiency improvement to scalability and stability enhancement. Based on four years of outdoor data from Berlin, this study reveals significant seasonal performance fluctuations in PSCs: stable performance in summer but a substantial decline in winter (up to 30%).