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Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency and low manufacturing costs. However, the commercialization of PSMs faces significant challenges in achieving precise and reliable laser scribing processes for series interconnection. The laser scribing quality directly impacts the geometric fill factor (GFF), series resistance, and ultimate conversion efficiency of solar modules. This article systematically examines the monitoring techniques and quality control strategies for P1, P2, and P3 laser scribing processes that are essential for improving production yield in industrial manufacturing.

The P1, P2, and P3 laser scribing processes each play distinct but interconnected roles in manufacturing high-efficiency thin-film solar cells. P1 establishes the foundational electrical isolation, P2 creates the critical series interconnection between cells, and P3 completes the circuit isolation. Together, these precision processes enable the production of series-connected solar modules with minimized dead areas and maximized active area for power generation. As solar cell technologies continue to advance toward higher efficiencies and thinner layer architectures, the precision and control offered by laser scribing will remain indispensable for commercial viability.

In the realm of advanced laser technology, ultrafast lasers have revolutionized precision manufacturing, medical procedures, and scientific research. Among these, picosecond and femtosecond lasers represent the cutting edge of ultrashort pulse technology. While both operate at timescales incomprehensibly fast to humans, the subtle differences between them significantly impact their applications and effectiveness. This technical comparison examines the fundamental characteristics, mechanisms, and practical considerations of these two laser technologies.

The photovoltaic (PV) industry has emerged as a cornerstone of the global transition to renewable energy, driven by technological innovation, policy support, and increasing demand for clean electricity. As countries worldwide strive to meet carbon neutrality goals, the PV industry is undergoing rapid transformation and expansion. This article explores the key trends, regional strategies, and future directions shaping the global layout of the PV industry.

Perovskite solar technology is poised to transform the global solar industry, offering unprecedented advantages in efficiency, cost, and scalability. As the world shifts toward renewable energy, perovskite-based solutions are emerging as a game-changer for businesses seeking high-performance, affordable solar products.

Compared with mature crystalline silicon photovoltaic production lines, establishing a perovskite production line is significantly more complex and challenging. While crystalline silicon module manufacturing relies primarily on physical processes, perovskite production involves intricate chemical formulations and highly customized equipment, posing unique hurdles for industrialization.

The preparation of perovskite materials is a critical step in achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. At the molecular scale, PbI₂ and CH₃NH₃I can rapidly react through self-assembly to form CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Thus, whether in solid, liquid, or gas phases, thorough mixing of the two raw materials can yield the desired perovskite material. However, for thin-film solar cell light-absorbing layers with thicknesses below 1 μm, the large perovskite crystals produced by solid-phase reaction methods are clearly unsuitable.

The structure of perovskite solar cells is illustrated in the figure below. Its core is a light-absorbing material composed of organometal halides with a perovskite crystal structure (ABX₃) (unit cell structure shown in the attached figure). In this perovskite ABX₃ structure, A is the methylammonium group (CH₃NH₃⁺), B is a metal lead atom, and X is a halogen atom such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

Laser etching technology has become indispensable in the precision processing of thin-film materials, particularly in industries such as display manufacturing, photovoltaics, and flexible electronics. Despite its advantages in non-contact processing, digital control, and high precision, several technical challenges persist in the development and application of thin-film laser etching equipment. This article explores these challenges and the innovative solutions driving the industry forward.

With the continuous innovation of MEMS technology, MEMS devices are widely used in consumer electronics, medical equipment, and aerospace applications, offering significant value due to their compact size, high speed, reliability, and low cost. MEMS packaging is a critical step in MEMS device development.